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Air Treatment System for Sludge Dryer Emissions – WWTP Application

Installation of industrial wet scrubber system for treatment of sludge dryer emissions in wastewater treatment plant.

Technical Summary

Application: Sludge drying
Industrial sector: Wastewater treatment
Air flow rate: 6,000 Nm³/h
Air characteristics: humid process air
Main pollutants: H₂S, ammonia, sulfur compounds, VOCs
Treatment lines: 2

This sludge dryer odour control system is designed for wastewater treatment plants handling complex industrial emissions.

Project Overview

Sludge drying processes used in wastewater treatment plants generate complex gaseous emissions containing hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and various odorous organic compounds released during thermal treatment of sewage sludge.
For the sludge drying units, two dedicated air treatment systems were engineered and installed to ensure reliable odour abatement.
Each system was designed to treat process air extracted directly from the sludge dryer and combines multiple treatment stages to address the complex chemical composition of the emission stream.

Engineering Challenges


Air emissions generated by sludge dryers present several challenges for air pollution control systems:

  • variable pollutant composition
  • high humidity and condensable vapours
  • presence of aerosols and fine droplets
  • coexistence of sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, VOCs and dust

These conditions require a multi-technology treatment approach, capable of handling different pollutant classes within the same emission stream.

Sludge dryer odour control System Configuration

Each treatment line integrates several sequential technologies.

Venturi Scrubber + Packed Column

The first treatment stage consists of a wet scrubber system composed of a Venturi section followed by a packed column.
The Venturi section improves gas–liquid contact and promotes removal of dust and soluble compounds.
The packed column increases gas–liquid contact time and allows efficient absorption of odorous pollutants.
Main design parameters:

  • Air flow rate: 6,000 Nm³/h
  • Pressure drop: < 1,500 Pa
  • Contact time: 2 s
  • Column diameter: up to 2,000 mm
  • Column height: up to 7.5 m
  • Construction material: polypropylene
industrial sludge dryer odour control system in wastewater treatment plant

Biofiltration Stage

Downstream of the chemical scrubber, the air stream is treated through a biofilter designed to biologically oxidize residual odorous compounds.
The biofilter uses wood chips as filtering media, providing a suitable environment for microbial populations capable of degrading sulfur compounds.

Main characteristics:

  • Filter media volume: 75 m³
  • Media type: wood chips
  • Moisture range: 55–85 %
Biofiltration stage used for odour control of sludge dryer emissions in a wastewater treatment plant.

Air Conditioning System

To maintain optimal operating conditions for the biofilter, the system includes an air conditioning section with electric heating.
This stage stabilizes temperature and humidity before biological treatment.

Air conditioning stage installed upstream of the biofilter for treatment of sludge dryer emissions in a wastewater treatment plant.

Activated Carbon Polishing Filters

The final stage consists of activated carbon adsorption filters designed to remove trace pollutants remaining after biological treatment.
Each filter contains approximately 2,500 kg of activated carbon, complemented by impregnated alumina for enhanced removal of sulfur compounds.

Results

The sludge dryer odour control system ensures stable performance and reliable odour abatement over time.

The installed systems provide stable treatment of emissions generated by sludge drying operations, ensuring reliable odour abatement and compliance with environmental regulations.

The integration of chemical scrubbing, biofiltration and adsorption allows progressive removal of pollutants with different chemical properties, increasing operational robustness.

Related Case Studies

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    Industrial Biotrickling Filter Odour Control System

    Biotrickling Filtration Plant

    Technical Summary

    Air flow rate: 15,000 Nm³/h
    Main pollutants:     Reduced sulphur compounds (H₂S)
    Treatment technology: Biotrickling filtration
    Number of filtration units: 2
    Contact time: 24 seconds per filter
    Design loading: 150 Nm³/h per m³ of packing


    This case study presents an industrial biotrickling filter odour control system designed to treat emissions from a wastewater treatment plant.
    The design follows the Best Available Techniques (BAT) described in the BREF for Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment for biological air treatment systems and VDI 3478 part 1 norm.

    Overview

    Wastewater treatment plants can generate odorous emissions associated with reduced sulphur compounds, particularly hydrogen sulfide (H₂S).

    This project involved the design and installation of an industrial odour control system based on biotrickling filtration technology to treat contaminated air streams at a wastewater treatment facility.

    The plant was designed to treat 15,000 Nm³/h of odorous air, ensuring stable removal of sulphur-based odorous compounds through biological oxidation processes.

    Engineering Solution

    The odour control system consists of two parallel biotrickling filters, each designed to treat 7,500 Nm³/h of contaminated air.

    A centrifugal fan installed upstream conveys the polluted air to the filters through a distribution manifold.

    Inside the filters, the gas stream passes through a biological packing bed, where microorganisms immobilized on the carrier oxidize hydrogen sulfide and other reduced sulphur compounds into non-odorous forms.

    Biotrickling Filter Odour Control Technology

    Each filtration unit is built around a polypropylene basin containing the biological packing and irrigation system, designed to ensure proper gas distribution and stable microbial activity.

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    Main Dimensions

    Parameter

    Value

    Lenght:

    10,000 mm

    Width:

    2,500 mm

    Height:

    3,300 mm

    The filters are constructed entirely in Polypropylene (PP) to ensure resistance against corrosive gases and acidic operating conditions associated with sulphur oxidation processes.

    The packing bed is supported by a reinforced polypropylene structural grid capable of supporting loads up to 2,500 kg/m².

    Biological Packing Media

    The filtration bed is filled with open-cell volcanic lapillus, selected for its suitability in biological filtration applications.

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    Packing Characteristics

    • Particle size: 14–20 mm
    • Water retention capacity: 6–10 %
    • Available water: 4–7 %
    • Neutral pH
    • High surface area for microbial colonization
    • High mechanical stability

    These characteristics promote the formation of a stable microbial biofilm capable of degrading hydrogen sulfide efficiently.

    Liquid recirculation system

    Each filter includes an independent recirculation tank and irrigation network designed to maintain optimal moisture and nutrient conditions for biological activity.

    Main equipment

    • Polypropylene recirculation tank
    • Automatic make-up water valve
    • Visual level indicator
    • Pressure level transmitter (4–20 mA)
    • Automatic purge valve
    • Two AISI 316L submersible pumps (1.1 kW) per filter
    • Nutrient dosing pump
    • Spray irrigation system covering the entire packing surface

    This configuration ensures continuous wetting of the biological packing and stable microbial growth.

    Air Handling System

    Air movement through the treatment system is ensured by a centrifugal fan equipped with inverter control, allowing flow regulation and stable operating conditions.

    Fan Specifications

    Parameter

    Value

    Nominal air flow

    15,000 Nm³/h

    Maximum pressure

    250 mm w.c.

    Motor power

    18.5 kW

    Efficiency class

    IE3

    Noise level

    < 81 dB(A)

    A standby fan rated at 20,000 Nm³/h was also included to guarantee operational redundancy and maintenance flexibility.

    Automation and Control

    The system is managed through a PLC-based control panel designed to ensure fully automatic operation.

    Control Features

    • PLC control (Siemens S7-1200 or Schneider M221)
    • HMI operator interface
    • pH monitoring
    • Conductivity monitoring
    • Automatic make-up water control
    • Inverter control for the process fan
    • Remote status signals

    This architecture ensures reliable operation and simplified plant management.

    Key Outcomes

    The installed odour control system provides:

    • Effective removal of hydrogen sulfide and reduced sulphur compounds
    • Reliable odour abatement in wastewater treatment emissions
    • Stable long-term biological operation
    • Low chemical consumption thanks to biological oxidation processes

    Biotrickling filtration technology enables continuous treatment of odorous air streams with low operating costs and high process stability.

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    Industrial Odour Control System for Dry Pet Food Production

    Technical Summary

    Flow rate: 120,000 m³/h (two parallel lines, 60,000 m³/h each)
    Industry: Pet food production
    Technology: Variable-throat Venturi scrubber + downstream wet scrubbing stages
    Target pollutants: Organic vapours, fatty acids, amines, oil aerosols
    Process air sources: Extrusion, drying, coating and cooling

    120,000 m³/h – Designing for variability, not nominal flow

    Air Pollution and Odour Control in Pet Food Production requires full integration with thermal processes, airflow stability, and emission variability management.

    Air pollution and odour control in pet food production kibble

    Application context – Air emissions in pet food production

    This case study concerns the design of an Air Pollution and Odour Control in Pet Food Production plant, with a total extracted air flow rate of approximately 120,000 m³/h.

    The production process includes:

    • extrusion
    • drying
    • coating
    • cooling

    Air emissions are characterised by:

    • organic vapours
    • fatty acids
    • amines
    • oil aerosols

    In pet food production, emission profiles are not constant. Raw material composition and coating formulations significantly influence contaminant concentration and aerosol load.

    For this reason, air pollution control in pet food plants cannot be designed based on nominal flow rate alone.

    The real engineering constraint: no interference with the drying process

    The odour control system had to be integrated without disturbing:

    • the thermal balance of the oven
    • the internal pressure profile of the dryer
    • the process airflow stability

    Any unstable downstream pressure condition would have:

    • altered the internal oven temperature
    • affected moisture control
    • increased methane consumption
    • reduced product quality consistency

    In pet food production, maintaining thermal stability is directly linked to product performance and energy efficiency.

    The air pollution control system therefore had to adapt to the production process — never the opposite.

    Variable throat Venturi scrubber for emission variability

    Given the fluctuating contaminant load and presence of oil aerosols, a Venturi scrubber with variable throat section was selected as the primary stage of the odour control system.

    The Venturi operates on inertial impaction principles: particle and aerosol removal efficiency is directly related to gas velocity and pressure drop (ΔP).

    The variable throat configuration allows:

    • adjustment of gas velocity according to real operating conditions
    • controlled pressure drop
    • stable capture efficiency across variable loads
    • avoidance of efficiency loss during low-load operation
    • prevention of excessive ΔP during peak conditions

    Unlike fixed-throat systems, the variable geometry maintains the required impact energy while adapting to process variability typical of pet food air emissions.

    The Venturi stage was dimensioned based on required separation efficiency, not solely on nominal air flow rate.

    Controlled fan operation and process stability

    A key design principle of this Air Pollution and Odour Control system was that downstream fans must never interfere with the process fans of the oven.

    The tail-end extraction fans were installed downstream of the treatment plant and equipped with variable frequency drives (VFD).

    Their function is to:

    • continuously adjust rotational speed
    • maintain the required negative pressure
    • compensate for system pressure losses
    • preserve stable depression across the treatment unit

    This ensures that:

    • the internal pressure of the dryer remains unaffected
    • the thermal equilibrium of the oven is preserved
    • process airflow conditions remain stable

    The odour control system behaves as a controlled hydraulic load, not as an active disturbance to the production process.

    Pressure drop and separation efficiency

    In Venturi scrubbers, separation efficiency is directly related to gas velocity and pressure drop. Reducing ΔP in order to minimise energy consumption without understanding the required impact energy inevitably compromises particle and aerosol removal efficiency.

    In this application, the variable throat configuration allows optimisation of ΔP according to real operating conditions, ensuring stable performance without unnecessary energy penalties.

    Energy and quality impact

    Maintaining stable oven conditions in pet food production results in:

    • consistent drying performance
    • stable product temperature profile
    • reduced methane consumption
    • improved product quality consistency

    The air pollution control system therefore contributes not only to emission abatement, but also indirectly to energy optimisation and process reliability.

    Engineering insight

    In dry pet food production, effective Air Pollution and Odour Control requires full integration with process airflow and thermal dynamics.

    Designing only for flow rate leads to instability.

    Designing for:

    • emission variability
    • aerosol load
    • pressure management
    • process integration

    ensures predictable performance.

    Air pollution control in pet food production is not an add-on system.
    It is a process-integrated engineering solution.

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    Hydrogen Sulfide Removal in Air: Why Caustic Scrubbers Become Unstable

    Hydrogen sulfide removal is not a steady-state problem

    Hydrogen sulfide removal is one of the most common challenges in industrial air treatment.
    In many systems, caustic scrubbers are used as the primary solution to remove H2S.
    On paper, the chemistry is simple.
    In real operation, these systems often become unstable.

    • H2S is absorbed into the liquid phase
    • it reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
    • it forms soluble sulfide compounds

    On paper, the process is stable.

    In real operation, it is not.

    The chemistry is predictable. The system is not

    The reaction between hydrogen sulfide and caustic soda is well known:

    • H2S + NaOH → NaHS + H2O
    • NaHS + NaOH → Na2S + H2O

    This is not where the problem lies.

    The issue is that industrial air systems do not operate under controlled, steady conditions.

    In real plants:

    • H2S concentration fluctuates
    • emissions occur in peaks, not averages
    • humidity changes continuously
    • aerosols and particulates interfere with mass transfer

    Why hydrogen sulfide removal becomes unstable

    A caustic scrubber is typically designed around average inlet conditions.

    But real systems are defined by variability.

    When peak loads occur:

    • the reaction accelerates locally
    • sulfide concentration in the liquid increases rapidly
    • the recirculation loop changes composition

    Over time:

    • salinity increases
    • mass transfer efficiency drops
    • system response becomes non-linear

    The scrubber still works.

    But it stops working predictably.

    pH control does not guarantee performance

    In many hydrogen sulfide removal systems, pH is used as the primary control parameter.

    The assumption is straightforward:

    high pH ensures effective H2S removal.

    In practice:

    • pH does not reflect sulfide accumulation
    • it does not represent real absorption capacity
    • it does not capture mass transfer limitations

    Operators may observe a stable pH

    while the system performance is deteriorating.

    As a result:

    • caustic consumption increases
    • removal efficiency fluctuates
    • corrective actions become reactive instead of controlled

    pH is an indicator.
    It is not a control strategy.

    Field reality: transient H2S release in industrial processes

    In many industrial processes, hydrogen sulfide is not released at a constant rate.

    A clear example is found in tannery operations during the pickling phase.

    In these conditions:

    • acidic environments react with residual sulfides
    • H2S is released rapidly
    • emissions occur in short, high-intensity peaks

    The key issue is not the average concentration.

    It is the transient load.

    A caustic scrubber exposed directly to these peaks:

    • reacts, but not in a controlled way
    • accumulates reaction products quickly
    • loses operational stability

    Hydrogen sulfide removal becomes a continuous correction process.

    Hydrogen sulfide removal requires load control

    The most critical mistake in H2S treatment design is assuming that the final stage can handle everything.

    In reality, hydrogen sulfide removal requires load management upstream.
    This is where pre-treatment becomes essential.

    The role of pre-treatment in hydrogen sulfide removal

    Iron-based media systems (CIF) are often used as a pre-treatment stage.

    clean catalytic iron media used in CIF systems for hydrogen sulfide removal before sulfur formation
    severe sulfur fouling on pall rings in H2S removal system reducing airflow and efficiency

    They are not designed to remove all hydrogen sulfide.

    Their function is to:

    • reduce peak concentrations
    • stabilize inlet conditions
    • protect downstream scrubbers

    When pre-treatment is correctly applied:

    • transient peaks are dampened
    • load becomes more uniform
    • the caustic scrubber operates within a manageable range

    This changes the system from reactive to controlled.

    Designing hydrogen sulfide removal for real conditions

    Effective hydrogen sulfide removal systems are not designed around average values.

    They are designed around:

    • variability
    • peak loads
    • real process behavior

    A caustic scrubber without pre-treatment is forced to absorb all fluctuations.

    And no single stage can do that reliably.

    A necessary distinction in hydrogen sulfide removal

    Hydrogen sulfide removal in industrial air systems must be treated as a specific engineering problem.

    Air treatment systems are characterized by:

    • low but highly variable concentrations
    • intermittent emissions
    • complex mixtures of contaminants

    Design approaches taken from other processes
    do not apply directly.

    Each system must be designed based on its actual operating conditions.

    Hydrogen sulfide removal does not fail because the chemistry is wrong.
    It fails because the system is designed for average conditions
    instead of real variability.

    Evaluate whether your hydrogen sulfide removal system is designed as a machine or as a process

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    Wet Scrubbers Do Not Remove Every Pollutant

    Wet scrubbers are often assumed to remove virtually any pollutant in industrial air pollution control — a belief that is both widespread and dangerous.

    “If there is a wet scrubber, the pollutant will be removed.”

    That is not how it works.

    A wet scrubber is not a universal machine.
    It is a gas–liquid mass transfer system.

    And that means something very simple:

    if the pollutant is not compatible with the physical or chemical absorption mechanism, the scrubber cannot operate effectively, regardless of its size.

    The biggest misconception: gas-liquid contact does not automatically mean removal

    Many systems are designed around a flawed assumption:

    • there is a tower,
    • there is water,
    • there is recirculation,
    • therefore the problem is solved.

    In reality, a scrubber does not generically “capture” molecules.
    A wet scrubber only works if at least one of the following conditions exists:

    • the pollutant is soluble in the liquid;
    • the pollutant chemically reacts in the liquid phase;
    • the pollutant is associated with particulate or aerosols that can be intercepted;
    • thermodynamic conditions favor mass transfer.

    If these conditions do not exist, the contaminant simply passes through the system.

    Some pollutants are naturally treatable

    Compounds such as:

    • Ammonia (NH₃),
    • Hydrogen Chloride (HCl),
    • Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂),

    have properties that allow:

    • dissolution,
    • neutralization,
    • oxidation,
    • relatively efficient absorption.

    In these cases, wet scrubbers can achieve very high removal efficiencies.
    But that does not mean the same approach works for every contaminant.

    VOCs: the reality is far more complex

    Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have:

    • low solubility,
    • hydrophobic behavior,
    • high volatility,
    • unfavorable absorption kinetics.

    In practical terms:

    simple contact with water is often insufficient.

    Yet it is still common to see scrubbers designed as if every VOC could simply be “washed out.”

    It cannot.

    Some solvents pass through the tower almost unaffected.
    Others require:

    • specific reagents,
    • oxidation stages,
    • contact times incompatible with real tower geometry,
    • or completely different technologies.

    Methane cannot be “scrubbed” either

    Methane is one of the clearest examples.
    It has:

    • extremely low solubility,
    • high chemical stability,
    • virtually no useful reactivity in conventional wet scrubbers.

    For this reason:

    methane is not treated effectively with traditional wet scrubbers or biofilters.

    It must either be oxidized, diluted, or managed through completely different process strategies.

    Believing that methane can be removed simply by increasing water flow or chemical dosage means misunderstanding the physics of the process itself.

    Chemistry matters more than the machine

    wet scrubber internal

    One of the most common mistakes in air pollution control is treating the scrubber as a standardized product.

    In reality:

    pollutant chemistry comes before equipment selection.

    Without understanding:

    • speciation,
    • actual concentrations,
    • temperature,
    • humidity,
    • aerosol presence,
    • process variability,

    it is impossible to determine:

    • whether a scrubber will work,
    • which chemistry should be used,
    • what liquid-to-gas ratio is required,
    • what pressure drop is necessary,
    • or whether the selected technology is fundamentally wrong.

    A scrubber does not create selectivity out of nowhere

    Another common misconception is that adding:

    • more stages,
    • more chemicals,
    • more recirculation,
    • more complexity,

    automatically allows treatment of any emission stream.

    But no system truly “sorts” molecules.

    Every compound has:

    • its own solubility,
    • its own kinetics,
    • its own chemical behavior,
    • its own equilibrium conditions.

    Inside real industrial gas mixtures:

    • some pollutants are absorbed,
    • others pass through,
    • others interfere with each other.

    This is why truly effective systems are not built from standard catalogs, but from a deep understanding of the upstream industrial process generating the emissions.

    The real goal: designing around the machine instead of the process

    Most failures originate here.
    First, the equipment is selected:

    • “a scrubber,”
    • often because it is available,
    • inexpensive,
    • or already used elsewhere.

    Only afterwards does the engineering attempt to adapt it to the actual pollutants.

    But the correct sequence is the opposite:

    • understand the industrial process;
    • identify the pollutants;
    • understand their physical and chemical behavior;
    • only then design the treatment system.

    Conclusion

    Wet scrubbers can be extremely effective technologies.

    But only when:

    • the contaminant is compatible with the absorption mechanism,
    • the chemistry is correct,
    • mass transfer conditions are realistic,
    • and the system is designed around actual operating conditions.

    because:

    A scrubber does not remove “everything.”
    Removing a pollutant first requires understanding it.

    Industrial wet scrubber installation with quote about pollutant removal and process understanding, featuring a polypropylene scrubber tower during field assembly and maintenance.
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    Air Pollution and Odour Control for Category 3 Animal By-Products Processing

    Technical summary

    Flow rate: 8,000 m³/h
    Industry: Animal by-product ABP transformation
    Technology: 1 Acidic + 1 Alkali/oxidative PC-1 single staged scrubbers
    Target pollutans: Odour, ammonia, VOC
    Process air temperature: 80°C

    Read More “Air Pollution and Odour Control for Category 3 Animal By-Products Processing”
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    Industrial Odour Control System for Meat and Fish Smoking Processes

    Technical Summary

    Flow rate: 500 Nm³/h
    Industry: Meat and smoked fish processing
    Technology: Venturi scrubber + three-stage packed column wet scrubber
    Target pollutants: Organic vapours, fatty acids, amines, H₂S and mercaptans
    Process air temperature: Ambient
    Emission limits @ stack: 300 OU/Nm³ odour, 50 mg/Nm³ TOC, 1 mg/Nm³ H₂S & mercaptans, 3 mg/Nm³ NH₃ & amines

    Industrial Odour Control System for Meat and Fish Smoking Processes

    Industrial air pollution control in meat and fish smoking facilities requires careful integration with production airflow and odour emission characteristics.
    This case study describes the design of an industrial odour control system for smoking emissions from meat and fish processing, based on wet scrubbing technology and multistage chemical treatment.
    This industrial odour control system was designed to treat smoke emissions generated during meat and fish smoking processes.

    Industrial wet scrubber system for odour control from meat and fish smoking processes, featuring multistage packed column scrubber and chemical dosing units.

    Application Context – Air Emissions from Meat and Fish Smoking

    This project concerns the installation of an industrial air pollution and odour control system for a gourmet meat and smoked fish processing facility.
    The extraction system collects air emissions generated during:

    • meat smoking processes
    • fish smoking chambers
    • product cooling stages
    • handling and packaging areas

    Air emissions from smoking operations typically contain:

    • organic vapours generated by thermal degradation of fats
    • fatty acids and condensable smoke compounds
    • amines released from protein processing
    • sticky soot particles generated during meat and fish smoking

    For this reason, the air pollution control system was designed as a controlled hydraulic load rather than an active disturbance to the production process.

    Wet Scrubber Architecture for Odour Abatement

    The installed odour control system combines Venturi pre-scrubbing and multistage packed column wet scrubbing.

    Venturi Scrubber – Aerosol and Smoke Particle Removal

    The first treatment stage is a Venturi scrubber with mobile bed separator, designed to remove:

    • tar droplets from smoke emissions
    • oil aerosols generated during smoking
    • condensable particulate fractions.

    The Venturi stage increases gas velocity to improve inertial impaction efficiency, enhancing the capture of aerosol particles.

    Multistage Packed Column Scrubber (series of 3 single stage)

    Downstream treatment is performed in two vertical packed column scrubbers operating in countercurrent flow configuration.
    The three chemical stages include:

    Acid stage

    • neutralisation of alkaline compounds
    • stabilisation of odour load

    Oxidative stage

    • oxidation of reduced sulphur compounds
    • removal of hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans

    Alkaline stage

    • neutralisation of residual acidic compounds
    • neutralisation of residual oxidative compounds, such as Chlorine.
    • final polishing of odorous emissions.

    Structured liquid distribution systems and demisters ensure stable mass transfer efficiency and droplet separation.

    Chemical Dosing and Process Control

    The system includes automatic chemical dosing units for process control.

    Reagents used include:

    • sulphuric acid for pH correction
    • sodium hypochlorite for enhanced odour destruction
    • sodium hydroxide for alkaline neutralisation

    Online monitoring ensures process stability through:

    • pH control
    • ORP (redox potential) monitoring

    These parameters allow dynamic adjustment of chemical dosing according to actual emission conditions.

    Air Extraction and Process Stability

    Air extraction is performed through a polypropylene duct system connected to a high-efficiency centrifugal fan.

    Key design characteristics include:

    • corrosion-resistant materials (PP and PVC)
    • controlled airflow at 500 Nm³/h
    • downstream fan installation to maintain negative pressure.

    The fan operates with stable rotational speed to ensure:

    • constant airflow through the scrubber
    • stable pressure conditions in the process ductwork
    • reliable odour capture.

    Emission Performance and Environmental Compliance

    Engineering Insight – Odour Control in Smoking Facilities

    In meat and fish smoking plants, air pollution control cannot be designed based solely on airflow.

    Effective odour control requires understanding:

    • aerosol formation during smoking
    • variability of organic vapours
    • sulphur compound formation
    • interaction between process airflow and treatment units.

    For this reason, industrial odour control systems must be designed as process-integrated solutions rather than simple end-of-pipe equipment.